Delta Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Delta Airlines - Essay Example The organization endure the extreme economic situations in the repercussions of 9/11 to turn into the top player in the business. Delta Airlines has profited by executing imaginative advertising techniques. The utilization of promoting unions has empowered Delta to expand its movement goal contributions by 54%. A marking procedure permits an organization to charge a superior cost for its administrations while holding a higher extent of its clients. Marking methodology create after some time. Delta has been in the business more than 85 years. Delta has had the option to build the estimation of its image by being a decent corporate resident. The organization has extraordinary ecological record. The organization employed ENSR, a main natural specialist co-op to actualize a reusing program so as to lessen the measure of waste created in its flights (Lohas, 2007). The excellent promoting technique Delta is using is a separation procedure. Separated promoting includes working in a few market fragments and structuring items or exceptional help offering for each section (Kotler, 2003). Two factors that empowered the organization to separate itself from its opposition are item assortment and the nature of its administration contributions. With the assistance of advertising unions and associations the organization is capable offer its client 572 diverse travel goals. The company’s capacity to go into organization concurrences with different aircrafts permitted the endeavor to build its objective market. The advertising coalitions at Delta have expanded the extent of the organizations showcase. The company’s client profile incorporates both business voyagers and individuals who travel in recreation trips. The business sectors the organization targets are not restricted to residential explorers. The showcasing collusions Delta built up helped the organization increment its quality in outside commercial centers. Delta aircrafts uses a division promoting methodology. The organization utilizes its vital union as device to enter unique

Football Essay Research Paper This is a free essay sample

Football Essay, Research Paper This is a crwative exposition simply A Steeler Game I harbor a cluster of enthusiasm for the sport of football. It? s more than simply a game to me. A few people angle or do crosswords. What I do to release up and hold happiness in my trim clasp is watch or found out about football. While occupied with watching or finding out about this particular games, I escape from the commonplace swot of life. Making a trip to a perfect occasion like a football match-up is frightful. The structure tension hebdomads before I go to a Steeler game can drive any ordinary fan to madness. It? s 6:00 AM Sunday forenoon. There was no interest for a consternation to wake me up on this okay forenoon. I am going to pack my compact flame broil and a couple of cases of brew into my auto to go on a two-hour course outing to Three Rivers Stadium. We will compose a custom article test on Football Essay Research Paper This is a or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I am making a trip to go to a Steeler game. On the course it? s WDVE on the remote all the way to Pittsburgh. Myron Cope, WDVE? s praised dramatization by show examiner, sounds away. As common he is each piece left around lackey as I am. Myron Cope is talking about members, damages and administrators. There are a cluster of things he? ll talk about with Tunch Ilkin, his amigo and previous Steeler member. As they make their expectations, regarding how the twenty-four hours will go for the Steelers, and different crews in the Steelers division. Following two hours of tuning in to the examiners, its clasp to pay the 10 dollars to stop my auto. I open my auto entryway and its disarray. Composed mayhem! A large number of individuals ( fans ) stopping their cars, puting up their barbecues and checking their first lager of the forenoon. The entirety of this is go oning at 8:00 AM. The twenty-four hours has just begun, and it shows signs of improvement. My morning meal on a twenty-four hours like today would abide of two beefburgers over simple and 16 ounces of lager. In this kind of condition, Fruit Loops and O.J. simply won? t do. It appears just as a group of fans feel a similar way I do. I smell nil yet flame broiled supplement and stale lager. For those of you who originate from different planets, and with me being a mindful resident of Earth, I should state you this. Siting in a stopping bunch or detached field, guzzling intoxicant, eating enormous proportions of supplement, and associating previously or after any football match-up is called closely following. There are different things to see before the game even beginnings. Low winging airplane with promotion decorations close by. You know the sort, a similar 1s that intrude on your peaceful clasp at the sea shore each 10 proceedingss. Once in a while one of those gigantic Colonel Blimps will wing more than Three Rivers Stadium unnecessarily. I genuinely like those Colonel Blimps, and the Colonel Blimps fly really low to the land in the stopping cluster unnecessarily. Yet, I did non pay to see an aviation expo. I came to watch a football match-up, and the solitary thing that I need to find noticeable all around is a football. Also, taking a gander at Three Rivers Stadium is end a site, in itself. It? s non simply its size, however its history that intrigue me. Well its clasp to secure inside the bowl to watch the game. I? ll base on balls numerous hawkers in the stopping bunch on my way to the bowl. At this clasp I? nutrient D like to go to the visit Oregons from different planets again. Hawkers are non Indians looking to cut your forehead off. No sir, they are universes offering passes to the game for multiple times their unique worth. I so obtain my game twenty-four hours plan. I ever purchase this arrangement. It makes an extraordinary souvenir. Once inside the bowl, it? s another universe. It? s nil like watching the game from place. Everything appears to be unique ; the field is multiple times more bright than on broadcasting. The fans encouraging are multiple times stronger, and additionally energizing. It feels like you? re separated of something really huge. When I plunk down in my place, as most fans I remain at that place until halftime. What's more, by then in cut I wonder why I paused, in light of the fact that now I need to fight my way all through the open latrine. That my companions, is the only terrible thing about making a trip to a Steeler game. While the game goes on you have plentifulness of things to encourage, or kick about, yet all the fans are in the same spot. We are each of the one unit, the twelfth grown-up male. To those of you who do non comprehend what that implies. The twelfth grown-up male speaks to all the fans, in light of the fact that there are 11 members on the field for every crew. The spot crew ever has the twelfth grown-up male on the grounds that the fans are the twelfth grown-up male. The spot crew? s fans make such a great amount of clamor by delighting on their crew, that it makes the sing crew do blunders. Fans have assumed responsibility for games previously, simply by doing a bunch of clamor. That? s why the spot crew ever has a little bit of leeway. The twelfth grown-up male is 65 thousand yelling fans. We? ll the game is finished. Its clasp to rear end again. For supper I will eat, one half pack of boats, a couple of hot Canis familiariss, some kolbalsi, and murphy plate of mixed greens would be acceptable exorbitantly. We? ll wash that down with more lager. Its securing dull, its clasp to get together my things and travel place. in any case, first I? ll gaze at the city before I leave. I would neer want to populate in a city the size of Pittsburgh. Be that as it may, it absolutely is excellent to take a gander at, when it? s all illume up at dull. I will kip the entire way place, and that? s the start of the terminal ; of my venture. Your presumable inquisitive why, I did non state you who dominated the match. Well there is a bunch more to this occasion, than the game itself. I have an extraordinary clasp only making a trip to the game. It does the twenty-four hours all the more satisfying if the Steelers dominate the match. However, life is more than winning, and fring. I know you? ve heard that before, however it? s just when you accept that explanation that you develop in another aspect of your life. Life is tied in with developing recollections, and a portion of my preferred recollections are of discussions I? ve had with my companions, while we where closely following. Also, there is the clasp I took my stepson to his first Steeler game. You should hold seen his eyes light up, when he seen his preferred member mark two touchdowns, just 20 pess from where he was sitting. Everybody has their ain most loved intrigue, you may wish affiliation football, angling, or perusing. At the point when you think about your fondest recollections. It should not shock you that a large portion of them are now and again in your life when your occupied with your preferred intrigue.

How to activate Mobile Version of your current Template for Smartphone

How to activate Mobile Version of your current Template for Smartphone This is new era of Blogging now more than 25% visitors are coming from ipad, palm tab and smartphone device and the number of user increasing day by day. So we should think about traffic or visitors from mobile device user. There are many webmaster start using responsive template for their better view in all device. And obviously responsive template has brought revolutionary user experience for users but still there are huge template which is not responsive but using by many popular webmaster. If you want to target visitors from Mobile device users then you dont have to use responsive template. Because by default Google Blogger will provide mobile template for your blog. And we can simply activate Mobile Version of our current Template for Smartphone. Just follow the below steps for activation. Step 1Go to http://blogger.com/ login page and Sign in to your account. Step 2From Blogger Dashboard Click on Template Step 3Click on Gear Icon underneath the mobile template preview Step 4Now select any option among two from popup window Yes, Show mobile template on mobile devices No, show desktop template on mobile devices Step 5Now choose mobile template- Default There are 7 different template available for mobile device but if custom mobile template included on template then it will display 8 template with custom option. You can customize your mobile template or you can use default template. In case of responsive template user will see extra template name Custom so select Custom Template. Step 6You can see the Demo of mobile template by clicking on Preview Button. After selecting the desired one click on Save button. I have tested some Responsive templates mobile version that are not working properly. I mean all features are not showing, so carefully check your mobile template. But in case of mobile template there are a big problem that if you want to display ads then you wont able to display ads if your ads are not responsive. So if you want to earn money from your blog then wise decision will be to select the second option No, show desktop template on mobile devices. Because it will display your desktop template with your existing ads. But this option is recommended for Responsive template users. So I hope that you have successfully activated Mobile Version of your current Template for Smartphone. If you are facing any difficulty or have any query then feel free to leave a comment below.

Ethical Dilemma in Hiv Counselling Cases - 951 Words

I have a client whom I know to be HIV positive. I also know that he is sexually active and has not told any of his partners about this. Isn’t it my ethical responsibility to inform someone that he is, in effect, dangerous to others? Even if I am not a counselor, I would not be able to live with the fact that I have such an information and am putting some other life at risk. As a medical doctor, I was also bound by my Hippocrates oath to serve and bring no harm to others, â€Å"I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.† (Edelstein,1967) By law I must abide by the rules set by the act and by the counseling board. There are 4 matters that I may†¦show more content†¦(Mueller .R., 2007). Based on the above statement, I would see the the refusal to notify the sexual partners being common because these clients were more likely to have been promiscuous prior to their diagnosis. They further had experienced that patients who disclosed their status were more likely to engage in safer sex, had better treatment compliance, and outcomes compared to those who concealed their status. In contrast if the patient still insists on not telling the partner on their situation, even though I am going to still make the report but I will also try to make efforts to educate the client to notify the partners. There would be ways to strategies to encourage and ensure the patient to willingly notify their partner. Part of my strategy would be to; i) couple counselling, even if there is some reluctance to continue., ii) educating them on the benefits of disclosure, iii) seeking consent from the patients to directly inform their partners in the patients presence in scenarios where patients lacked the courage to do so personally, and iv) I would try to contact the people involved in this situation that they are in the possibility of exposure to HIV without releasing the identity of my client (Njozing et al.2011) Reference American Counseling Association. (1995). Ethics. American Counseling Association Edelstein, L.: 1967, Ancient Medicine, edited by O. Temkin and C. L. Temkin, Johns HockinsShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemma Working with Hiv Positive Client923 Words   |  4 PagesReconstruction of scenario for case No. 4: Assuming that I am a registered counsellor working in a hospital in Malaysia. The client has been referred by doctor in order for him to go through counselling. Recently he came to hospital to carry yearly medical check-up for various tests including HIV test. Results showed all tests carried out are in good condition except the HIV test result is positive. From the counselling intake session, I also know that he is sexually active and has not told any ofRead MoreThe Reason Why Aids Is Such A Sensitive Issue Is Because954 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent moral dilemmas present themselves in different cultures and nations. AIDS is a disease which thrives on poverty, and spreads fastest in the poorest nations with the least health or education infrastructure. That mea ns scarce medical resources to treat huge numbers of people, or to prevent further spread. And it also means we must take a holistic view of AIDS - seeing AIDS as a development issue, not just a health issue. For example, what s the point of educating a young girl about HIV if she isRead MoreEthical Standards For Mental Health Service Providers3426 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: ETHICAL STANDARDS EXAM 1 Ethical Standards for Mental Health Service Providers Final Exam Alanna Sampson Yorkville University Question 1 Working within the confines of consulting or private practice the following expectations and code of ethics must be followed according to the CCPA Standards of Practice (2015). ?Foremost, the counselor who is providing the third party service should have a clear understanding as to their role, the relationship with each party, theRead MoreIs Community Health Standards For Harm Reduction Practice?1509 Words   |  7 Pages(Lightfoot, 2009). Nurses in any practice setting may encounter ethical dilemmas associated with the harm reduction intervention that they are involved in. This may cause a nurse to feel caught between evidence and ethics on one hand with policy and law on the other (Lightfoot, 2009). For example, a nurse who works with the COUNTERfit program promoting safe drug injection may feel that they are going against professional and ethical standards by assisting and providing a client with the tools toRead MoreEthical Standards For Mental Health Service Providers2906 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: ETHICAL STANDARDS EXAM 12 Ethical Standards for Mental Health Service Providers Final Exam Alanna Sampson Yorkville University Question 1 Introducing the limits of confidentiality in simple language that a client can understand is the first step in establishing the therapeutic relationship. ?Confidently should be explained to all potential clients with the general understanding that any information gained from the counseling relationship is kept confidential. TheyRead MoreEthical Dilemma of Hiv Disclosure in Intimate Relationships5638 Words   |  23 PagesHIV Prevention with Positives in Thailand: Ethical Dilemma of HIV Status Disclosure in intimate relationship. Abstract Every year, there are about ten thousand new HIV infection cases in Thailand. The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routineRead MoreThe Benefits of Introducing at-Home Testing for HIV in Indonesia1780 Words   |  8 PagesThe growth of HIV cases in Indonesia is one of the most rapid ones among the countries in Asia (UNAIDS 2013). Indonesia’s Ministry of Health estimates that more than 500.000 people in Indonesia will become infected with HIV in 2014 unless there is an acceleration of HIV prevention programs (UNICEF Indonesia 2012). In Indonesia, the testing of HIV currently is done in voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) clinics in selected hospitals. The patients are required to visit the clinic to do the testingRead Mor eIvf Essay2892 Words   |  12 Pages[pic] In vitro fertilisation (IVF) marks a great step forward in medical technology, and Australia is a leader in the field. IVF is now a popular procedure for couples who are infertile or are having trouble conceiving. However, it raises ethical, moral and legal issues including the rights of an individual, property rights, the definition of human life, scientific experimentation versus a potential human life, religion, costs, and community, medical and taxpayer’s rights. The process of IVFRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 Pagesimportant to note that a woman is made a victim by the use of violence; however, the construct of victim is a product of culture and language, meaning different things at different times, (Hyden, 2005). It is therefore important to distinguish that in the case of domestic violence the ‘victim’ label is worn not to typify a characteristic of a woman but it is bestowed upon the woman as a direct result of the perpetrators actions. One of the most common questions asked regarding the predicament of the victim

Management of Heart Failure Free Essay Example, 750 words

Management of Heart Failure al Affiliation Management of Heart Failure The case scenario is a description of Mrs. J. who is 63 years old with a history of chronic heart failure, hypertension, and sleep apnea. The appropriate nursing interventions that she should receive during the admission time in ICU include being probed up in bed at an angle of 45 degrees. She should also be given oxygen via a mask. An intravenous line access must also be obtained immediately and she must be put on a monitor so as to observe the vital signs. The IV Furosemide is administered to ease the congestion and decrease the edema. The drug increases the loss of sodium in urine hence results in a reduction in the plasma volume and may also lead to some degree of venous dilatation. The preload as well as the systemic and pulmonary venous congestion is reduced. The Enalapril is given to lower the blood pressure through the decrease in the pulse rate and some changes in the heart rate and cardiac output. It acts by decreasing the angiotensin II and vasoconstrictor levels among other mechanisms of action. We will write a custom essay sample on Management of Heart Failure or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The rationale behind administering Metoprolol is that it lowers the demand of oxygen through the reduction of blood pressure, heart rate and the heart contractility. The morphine sulphate is administered to aid in relieving of breathlessness and also aids in ensuring rest and sleep (Lacey, 2009). Hypertension may lead to heart failure. It increases the heart’s workload hence results in hypertrophy of cardiac muscle fibers. The filling of the heart is impaired during diastole. The hypertrophied ventricle fails to contract eventually and heart failure results. The nursing intervention implemented to prevent cardiac failure in this case is the administration of the antihypertensive medication to control blood pressure and maintain it within normal for the hypertensive patient (Lacey, 2009). Another condition that may lead to cardiac failure is myocardial infarction. It refers to the cellular and the necrosis of the heart muscle tissue and it is irreversible that occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia. The contractility of the muscle is lost in the affected regions. If the affected regions are large complications arise and include cardiac failure. The appropriate nursing intervention to prevent progression to heart failure is by ensuring that the patient gets enough r est, administration of stool softeners to prevent straining, and giving of analgesics and the prescribed medication as ordered. The nurse should also insist that the patient should quit smoking (Lacey, 2009). Myocarditis can also lead to heart failure. It refers to the inflammation that occurs in the cardiac muscle as a result of viral infection in most cases. The condition causes cellular fibrosis and necrosis hence leads to systolic failure (loss of contractility). The nursing interventions that need to be implemented to prevent heart failure include the administration of the prescribed medication as ordered aimed at treating the condition for example the steroids to combat the inflammatory process. Coronary heart disease is another condition that may lead to cardiac failure. It is mainly due to atherosclerosis that causes hypoxia hence the consequent ischemia of the heart muscle tissue. Myocardial infarction that results may cause heart failure due to loss of contractility. The nursing interventions include stressing to the patient the importance of adhering to the prescribed medication and maintaining the ordered diet (Lacey, 2009). One of the nursing interventions for older patients to prevent the problems due to multiple drug interaction is teaching them about potential side effects and interactions of each medication. The rationale for this is that the patient can be able notify the doctor or nurse in case any of the adverse effects occur, for prompt action to be taken to minimize or prevent complications. Another intervention is teaching the patient about why it is important to take medication as directed so as to decrease the occurrence of the potential problems. The other is teaching them about the drug-related problems which might and warrant emergency care. The reason for this is that in case of their occurrence, the patient can seek immediate medical care to prevent further problems. Another appropriate intervention is helping the patient manage the drugs by avoiding sharing, and proper disposal of expired medication. This is to prevent the patient from using unintended or expired drugs interactions (Woodruff, 2010). References Lacey, B. (2009, MA). Managing Heart Failure. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy, 12-21. Woodruff, K. (2010, May 10). Preventing Polypharmacy in Older Patients. Retrieved November 11, 2015, from Medscape: http: //www. medscape. com/viewarticle/732131_6

Book Review Killing Lincoln - 765 Words

Austin Smith Book Review Killing Lincoln This past month I have been reading Bill Oreillys killing Lincoln. This book shows Lincolns process of ending slavery and dealing with the civil war. The book tells the story of our president trying to do good things, while John Wilkes Booth is planning to do a really bad deed by killing Lincoln. This book shows us that Lincoln had a lot on his plate dealing with the Civil war and the criticism from the south. He was obviously not supported in the south but he did what he thought was right for this great nation and made a decision that changed America forever. The book begins by showing Lincoln in the final days of the Civil war waiting anxiously to hear results of the battles that took†¦show more content†¦I wanted him to die knowing what he did was wrong, knowing that he killed one of the greatest presidents America has ever known. Instead Booth sneaks away spending some time in Forests and slowly moving further south, if it weren’t for a couple of encounters he h ad he would have easily gotten away untouched, and who knows he may have never been brought to justice. His death to me was unsatisfying. He and his co-conspirator David Herold were found sleeping in a barn Close to Virginia. Almost 60 miles from Fords theatre. Herold surrendered and they burned the barn and shot Booth paralyzing him. He died almost three hours later. In my opinion he should have been hanged in front of all the American people, that way he knew what he did hurt this great nation more than he would ever know. This book relates to American history by showing you the perspective of both sides. The side of Lincoln who wanted to do nothing but great things for this nation and the side of John Wilkes Booth who had a terrible plot to kill a great man. While reading this book I learned how Abraham Lincolns job was far from over after the civil war, he had to convince the American people that the war was for the benefit of the country because the war was the most brutal the nation had ever seen. I would recommend this book to any student interested in American history because it shows some key events in the civil war and shows how Lincolns point of view was not what was better forShow MoreRelatedKilling Lincoln by Bill OReilly962 Words   |  4 PagesKilling Lincoln Book Review The mystery of how John Wilkes Booth pulled off the most influential and notorious assassinations in history is revealed in Killing Lincoln. The author of this book, Bill O’Reilly, built up the plot of the story through vivid historical details and pieced them together like a thriller. He tries to explain all of what happened on one of the most interesting and sad days in American history. Many conspiracies and Civil War ideals are on full display in the book. I agreeRead MoreKilling Lincoln By Bill O Reilly1558 Words   |  7 Pages In the book, Killing Lincoln, author Bill O’Reilly portrayed John Wilkes Booth as an obsessed assassin who recruited various conspirators. He described the events leading to President Lincoln’s murder and the hunt to capture Booth and his cohorts. Killing Lincoln is comprehensible to anyone as young as a middle schooler, although it would be best suited for an older reader with an interest in history and politics. Killing Lincoln could also be appealing to those intrigued by conspiracy plots andRead MoreJohn Wilkes Booth, The Killer And His Plans Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe book essentially goes over Lincoln’s killer and his plans and what his thoughts were before, during and after the shooting of President Lincoln. It is a book that mainly focuses on John Wilkes Booth , the killer, and his plans and how it panned out. John Wilkes Booth was an actor and lived a wealthy life, he was someone who was considered very handsome by many and someone with fine clo thes. His tactics per se were not well planned out. John Wilkes Booth had tried to kidnap President Lincoln beforeRead MoreThe O Reilly Factor Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pagesair for over 30 years and has even won an Emmy for â€Å"The O’Reilly Factor†. Killing Lincoln is a timeline leading up to the assassination of President Lincoln on April 15, 1865. The main purpose this book was written was to show the reader the events of Lincoln’s assassination in chronological order so that the reader could get a better understanding of what actually took place when he was assassinated. Because the book was written in chronological order, it is very easy to follow along the timelineRead MoreKilling Kennedy : The End Of The Camelot1462 Words   |  6 PagesSitting in a Lincoln convertible, the Kennedys and Texas Governor John Connally and his wife waved at the astronomically immense and ebullient crowds amassed along the parade route in Dallas, Texas. As their vehicle passed the Texas School Book Depository Building at 12:30 p.m., Lee Harvey Oswald allegedly fired three shots from the sixth floor, fatally wounding 35th President John F. Kennedy and earnestly injuring Governor Connally. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was pronounced dead 30 m inutes later atRead MoreKilling Lincoln : The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Dugard write Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever , a book about the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the events leading up to the assassination. The purpose of the book is to strategically break down the days and events leading up to the death of Abraham Lincoln and provoke thoughts in the minds of the readers. The authors want to uncover proven and alleged conspiracy theories. Bill O’Reilly writes a plethora of other books with Martin DugardRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill O Reilly s Killing Lincoln Essay2636 Words   |  11 PagesBill O’Reilly’s and Martin Dugard’s book Killing Lincoln delves into the events leading up to the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the repercussions upon the people involved, as well as a detailed analysis of the ongoing war effort s and the affects one has upon the other. While unraveling the conspiracy and its members, the reader is given compelling evidence and speculative reasoning that leads the reader to believe that the plot to assassinate Lincoln involves additional people, and couldRead MoreKilling Kennedy: The End of Camelot1606 Words   |  6 Pages Killing Kennedy: The End of Camelot The authors Dugard Reilly make the point that 8 percent of Americans actually have this belief that Lee Harvey Oswald is the man that had something to do with the death of Abraham Lincoln. However, the authors in this book want the reader to know that is considered to be one explanation for Killing Kennedy, which happens to be the current book written by authors Bill OReilly and Martin Dugard. They clearly wanted to turn a presidential murder into a humanRead MoreMy Beliefs in President John F. Kennedy946 Words   |  4 Pagesbreath of fresh air to the country. He was famous not because of what he did for America. It was because of who he was. There are many conspiracy theories concerning how the President was assassinated. This review will remain focused on the evidence provided in the book. Despite its title, the book contains events throughout Kennedy’s entire life all the way back to childhood all the way up to his death.. His parents never expected him to be involved wi th politics as they assumed that his brother RobertRead MoreThe Real Lincoln By Thomas Dilorenzo1966 Words   |  8 PagesIn Thomas DiLorenzo’s book The Real Lincoln, is about giving the people who want to know the real story about the â€Å"greatest† American President. When in fact he was not all that great of a president. People know him as the great emancipator. This is ironic because â€Å"Lincoln barely ever mentioned the issue of slavery before 1854, and, even then, he did not seem sincere† (3). This is what everybody knows Lincoln for is freeing the slaves, but it proves that he is given credit for something he did not

Mental Retardation and Child Development free essay sample

There are general stages children pass through as they develop and certain time frames during which these transitions occur. There is not a specific time that is considered normal for any individual child to attain a goal, as cultural and environmental factors are also important to development, but researchers have formed general, broad ranges of time in which skills such as walking and talking are displayed. Children with disabilities or delays may follow different paths of development. Children with mental retardation have been found to pass through typical stages of development, such as Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, but at a much slower rate. Burack, Hodapp, and Zigler (1998) however, contrast the idea that slowness is the only characteristic of mentally retarded people to be considered, by introducing the study of mental retardation as a â€Å"more complex enterprise†. Today, as a result of recent advancements in the past 50 years (Hodapp, and Zigler, 1986, p. ), researchers know more about the development of persons with mental retardation and about the phenomenon in general. The work of three influential developmental theorists has laid foundations for the current study of mental retardation: Heinz Warner, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 3). Heinz Warner, while studying at the Wayne State Training School, developed three ideas that he applied to persons with metal retardation. First, he realized that â€Å"behavior reflects underlying thoughts† and that sometimes individuals with mental retardation would perform better on perceptual and cognitive tasks than individuals with normal intelligence because the retarded individuals had not yet learned the rules that governed their behavior (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 4). His second idea was that there existed two forms of mental retardation: exogenous and endogenous. Individuals with exogenous retardation (brain damage) showed â€Å"unclear and inconsistent† patterns of development, while individuals with endogenous retardation (no organic damage) â€Å"behaved similarly to younger individuals of average intelligence† (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 4). This idea lead the way for future researchers to do â€Å"two group† studies of mentally retarded people. Werner’s third idea was that studies of retarded individuals compared to normal development would be beneficial. He figured since individuals with endogenous retardation were compared to younger, average intelligence individuals, that they must have been following the sual development patterns, only at a slower rate (Burack et al. , 1998). Jean Piaget and his colleague, Barbel Inhelder, were also interested in mental retardation. Like Werner, Piaget and Inhelder focused on what the individual was thinking and not just the observed behaviors. Piaget provided sequences of development in a variety of areas; and since the 1940’s, researchers have been studying whether persons with mental retardation pass through these Piagetian sequences. Researchers have assumed that mentally retarded persons pass through these sequences in the exact same order. However, Inhelder observed that mentally retarded persons more often displayed regressions in what they were learning even during a single session. The work that Piaget and Inhelder did with sequences and processes led the way toward later developmental approaches (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 5). The work of Lev Vygotsky is just now beginning to influence western ideas. Vygotsky focused on â€Å"how children develop and on how development may be altered when a child has mental retardation. He criticized IQ tests and other ‘non-process’ views of children’s development† (Burack et al. 1998, p. 6). He was concerned with how individuals compensate for their disability, an idea reflected in much of today’s research of resources for people with mental retardation and the adaptations for them to participate in everyday life. Vygotsky was also interested in how adults could â€Å"best promote development† (Burack et al. , 1998, p. 6) in retarded children. This idea is reflected today in society’s efforts for early intervention. The work of Werner, Piaget, and Vygotsky paved the way for workers who would later apply a developmental approach to studying mental retardation. As the American Association of Mental Retardation (AAMR, 2005) defines it, â€Å"Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. † The limitations a mentally retarded person experiences can include walking, talking, and taking care of themselves. Children diagnosed with mental retardation have an IQ below 70 (there are tests to determine a child’s IQ score) and the condition is expressed before age 18. These persons will develop more lowly in adaptive behavioral areas than others with normal intelligence. Although they may have challenges in school, they will learn most tasks at a later time. There will be some skills however, that they will never learn (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). Although the terms â€Å"mental retardation,† â€Å"developmental disability,† and â €Å"mental illness† may seem similar, these terms are not interchangeable and do not mean the same thing. Mental retardation is an intellectual disability and mental illness is an emotional or behavioral illness. It is possible for a person with mental retardation to experience a mental illness such as depression (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). The term developmental disabilities refers to physical and intellectual disabilities, and therefore encompasses more than what would be categorized under mental retardation. Developmental disabilities also are limited to more severe and chronic disabilities, while there are broader levels of mental retardation ranging from mild to profound (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006). The U. S.Census does not collect data on persons with mental retardation or intellectual disabilities, but there are best estimates by several authorities in the field as to how common mental retardation is. It is estimated that about three percent of the national population is affected by mental retardation. This figure includes those who are currently receiving special services, those who used to receive special services, and those unknown cases. Hodapp and Zigler (1986) have found the ratio of endogenous (no brain damage) to exogenous (organic damage) retardation to be 75% to 25%. These statistics translate into one out of every ten families being affected by at least one member with an intellectual disability (USDHHS, 2006). According to the Children’s Defense Fund (2003), about five percent of the nation’s preschoolers have a disability and require early intervention or special needs programs. Low income families and families living in poverty are at a much greater risk of having a child with a disability. An individual’s ability to function mentally, physically, and behaviorally depends on the severity of retardation. The University of Michigan Health System (2005) describes the four levels of mental retardation based on IQ: Mild (IQ ranging from 55-69), moderate (40-54), severe (25-39), and profound (less than 24). Pre-school aged children with mild retardation may not seem that different from other children, but their ability to walk, talk and learn to feed themselves occurs a slower rate. With special education, they can learn practical skills, as well as reading and math up to a sixth grade level. Children of the same age with moderate retardation show noticeable delays in motor skills and speech. Older children can learn basic communication and self-help skills, but are not capable of learning math or reading. Children with severe retardation show delays in motor development, and little or no communication. They may be able to learn self-help skills such as feeding themselves, and when they are older they may learn to walk. They may also have some understanding of speech and show a response to it. Lastly, a child with profound retardation may also have other medical problems and require nursing care. These children show delays in all areas of development, and they display basic emotions. With special training, they may be able to use their legs, hands and jaws. These children need close supervision (U. of Michigan Health System, 2005). The causes of mental retardation vary from biological, behavioral, and environmental reasons. Mental retardation can develop before birth, during childhood, or at any time before the age of 18. Biological reasons for mental retardation include genetic problems such as Down Syndrome, Fragile X, Phenylketonuria, and abnormal brain developments before birth. A behavioral factor that causes mental retardation is maternal substance abuse, which can lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Environmental factors include infections that may pass to the child during a woman’s pregnancy, a severe lack of oxygen at birth, diseases like whooping cough, measles, meningitis, and encephalitis, extreme malnutrition, exposure to poisonous lead or mercury, severe head injury, stroke, and lack of child stimulation and adult responsiveness (AAMR, 2005, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, NDCCD, 2004, UMHS, 2005). There is no cure for mental retardation (CDCP, 2005, UMHS, 2005), but there are some preventative measures that can be taken. To prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which can lead to mental retardation, pregnant women should avoid drinking. Another way to reduce the risk of mental retardation is to diagnose and treat metabolic conditions, such as PKU, soon after birth. It has been found that if â€Å"correct treatment is started soon enough and continued as long as needed, that a child will not have mental retardation† (CDCP, 2005). The CDCP also says that is important for women with PKU to follow a special diet when they are pregnant. It is very helpful to diagnose risk factors and mental retardation early, but it is never too late to begin treatment (UMHS, 2005). There are many signs of mental retardation. For example, a child with mental retardation may: sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children; learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking; have trouble remembering things; have trouble understanding social rules; have trouble understanding the consequences of their actions; have trouble solving problems, and/or thinking logically (NDCCD, 2004). The limitations of some children with mental retardation won’t be obvious, and won’t be diagnosed until they enter school. Some adults with mild retardation will be able to live by themselves and their disability might not be apparent to others. Mental Retardation is diagnosed by looking at two areas of development: an individual’s ability to learn, think, solve problems, and make sense of the world (measured by an IQ test), and whether or not an individual has skills needed to live independently (also called adaptive behavior or functioning) (NDCCD, 2004). An average IQ score is 100 and as stated before, those scoring below 70 are diagnosed with a certain level of mental retardation. To measure adaptive behavior, children’s abilities to perform tasks such as getting dressed, feeding themselves, understanding and responding to speech, and interacting with family members and others, are compared to children of the same age with normal intelligence. After an initial diagnosis of mental retardation, specialists then look at the strengths and weaknesses of an individual, and consider how much support they will need at home, at school, and in the community. In using this approach, a realistic picture is given for each individual, which helps to determine how to work with him or her in order to promote development. It is also known that this â€Å"picture† can change over time, as an individual’s ability to get along in the world will grow (NDCCD, 2004). As a mentally retarded child grows, the school can play an important role in encouraging their intellectual development. A child with mental retardation â€Å"is capable of doing well in school, but it is likely that they will need individualized help† (NDCCD, 2004). Every state is responsible for providing education to children with disabilities. There are some programs that begin at infancy and continue until age 3 (a time when another program is started). This early intervention system requires the cooperation of parents and specialists to come up with an Individualized Family Services Plan, or IFSP. This plan will outline the specific needs of a child and also describe the ways in which the child’s needs will be met. The IFSP also focuses on the needs of the family so parents and other family members can take care of their young child with mental retardation (NDCCD, 2004). The cost of this program may be based on a family’s income, or in some states, may be free. School-aged children (including preschoolers) with mental retardation are eligible for special education through the school system. Members of the school staff work with parents to formulate an Individualized Education Program, or IEP. School boards are required to tell parents of their rights regarding placement of their child in special education, and schools are required to develop an IEP for each special education child (UMHS, 2005). These programs also outline a child’s needs and the ways to meet those needs, and are provided at no extra cost to families. The federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA, of 1997 mandates that children, including those with disabilities are entitled to an education that is free and appropriate (NYU Child Study Center, 2006). In addition, children with mental retardation are entitled to receive publicly funded education from the ages of three through twenty-one. Teachers who have mentally retarded children in their classroom should: learn as much as possible about mental retardation; use concrete materials that are age appropriate and interesting; be concrete when giving nstructions by demonstrating the task step-by-step; present information in small, sequential steps and review them frequently; teach skills that the child might use outside of the classroom; teach these children in the same school as other children, when possible and give immediate and frequent feedback (NDCCD, 2004, Carrol, 2006). If a teacher isn’t already part of a child’s IEP, then they should ask to ha ve a copy and consult the school’s special education instructor to utilize the methods already outlined for that student’s success (NDCCD, 2004). It is possible for persons with mental retardation to experience healthy lives, and there are several instances where mentally retarded persons live on their own and obtain jobs. As Carrol (2006) states, individuals with mental retardation â€Å"do not remain eternal children. † They become adults and do need basic services that all people need for healthy development such as education, health services and recreation opportunities. It is important to encourage development in individuals with mental retardation at an early age, and to continue this support throughout their lives in order to allow them the freedom to grow as human beings.